PostgreSQL Enum

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the PostgreSQL enum data type to define a list of fixed values for a column.

Introduction to the PostgreSQL enum data type

In PostgreSQL, an enum type is a custom data type that allows you to define a list of possible values for a column.

Here’s the syntax for creating a new enum type:

CREATE TYPE enum_name 
AS 
ENUM('value1', 'value2', 'value3', ...);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

In this syntax:

First, specify the name of the enum after the CREATE TYPE keyword.
Second, provide a list of comma-separated enum values within the parentheses followed by the ENUM keyword. These values are case-sensitive.

When you define a column with an enum type, you specify that the column can only accept a fixed of values declared in the enum.:

column_name enum_typeCode language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

If you attempt to insert or update a row with a value not in the list, PostgreSQL will issue an error.

The ordering of values in an enum is the order in which you list them when you define the enum.

In the syntax, PostgreSQL will place the value1 before the value2, value2 before value3, and so on.

Additionally, you can use all standard comparison operators (>, >=, =, <>, <, <=) and related aggregation functions with enum values.

PostgreSQL enum data type example

First, create a new enum type called priority that includes three possible values ‘low’, ‘medium’, and ‘high’.

CREATE TYPE priority AS ENUM('low','medium','high');Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Second, create a table called requests that has a column using priority enum:

CREATE TABLE requests(
    id INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
    title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    priority PRIORITY NOT NULL,
    request_date DATE NOT NULL
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Third, insert some rows into the requests table:

INSERT INTO requests(title, priority, request_date)
VALUES
   ('Create an enum tutorial in PostgreSQL', 'high', '2019-01-01'),
   ('Review the enum tutorial', 'medium', '2019-01-01'),
   ('Publish the PostgreSQL enum tutorial', 'low', '2019-01-01')
RETURNING *;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Output:

 id |                 title                 | priority | request_date
----+---------------------------------------+----------+--------------
  1 | Create an enum tutorial in PostgreSQL | high     | 2019-01-01
  2 | Review the enum tutorial              | medium   | 2019-01-01
  3 | Publish the PostgreSQL enum tutorial  | low      | 2019-01-01
(3 rows)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Fourth, retrieve the requests and sort them by priority from low to high:

SELECT *
FROM requests
ORDER BY priority;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Output:

 id |                 title                 | priority | request_date
----+---------------------------------------+----------+--------------
  3 | Publish the PostgreSQL enum tutorial  | low      | 2019-01-01
  2 | Review the enum tutorial              | medium   | 2019-01-01
  1 | Create an enum tutorial in PostgreSQL | high     | 2019-01-01
(3 rows)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Fifth, find the requests whose priority is higher than low:

SELECT *
FROM requests
WHERE priority > 'low'
ORDER BY priority;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Output:

 id |                 title                 | priority | request_date
----+---------------------------------------+----------+--------------
  2 | Review the enum tutorial              | medium   | 2019-01-01
  1 | Create an enum tutorial in PostgreSQL | high     | 2019-01-01
(2 rows)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Note that enum values are case-sensitive.

Sixth, attempt to find the requests whose priority is ‘HIGH‘:

SELECT *
FROM requests
WHERE priority = 'HIGH'
ORDER BY priority;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

PostgreSQL issues the following error:

ERROR:  invalid input value for enum priority: "HIGH"
LINE 3: WHERE priority = 'HIGH'
                         ^Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Finally, attempt to insert a new row into the requests table with an invalid value for the priority column:

INSERT INTO requests(title, priority, request_date)
VALUES
   ('Revise the enum tutorial', 'urgent', '2019-01-02')
RETURNING *;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Error:

ERROR:  invalid input value for enum priority: "urgent"
LINE 3:    ('Revise the enum tutorial', 'urgent', '2019-01-02')
                                        ^Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Adding new values to enums

To add a new value to an enum, you use the ALTER TYPE ... ADD VALUE statement:

ALTER TYPE enum_name 
ADD VALUE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'new_value'
[{BEFORE | AFTER } 'existing_enum_value';Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

In this syntax:

First, specify the name of the enum you want to add a new value after the ALTER TYPE keywords.
Second, specify the new value after the ADD VALUE keywords. Use the IF NOT EXISTS to conditionally add a new value only if it does not exist.
Third, specify the position of the new value relative to an existing value. By default, the statement adds the new enum value at the end of the list.

For example, the following statement adds a new value 'urgent' to the priority enum:

ALTER TYPE priority 
ADD VALUE 'urgent';Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Retrieving a list of enum values

To get a list of values of an enum, you use the enum_range() function:

enum_range(null::enum_name)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

It returns a list of values of the enum_name as an ordered array

For example, the following statement uses the enum_range() function to retrieve a list of enum values from the priority enum:

SELECT enum_range(null::priority);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Output:

        enum_range
--------------------------
 {low,medium,high,urgent}
(1 row)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Getting the first and last values in an enum

To get the first and last values in an enum, you use the enum_first() and enum_last() functions respectively.

SELECT
  enum_first(NULL::priority) first_value,
  enum_last(NULL::priority)  last_value;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Output:

 first_value | last_value
-------------+------------
 low         | urgent
(1 row)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Renaming an enum value

To rename a value in an enum, you use the ALTER TYPE ... RENAME VALUE statement as follows:

ALTER TYPE enum_name
RENAME VALUE existing_enum_value TO new_enum_value;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

For example, the following statement changes the 'urgent' value in the priority enum to 'very high':

ALTER TYPE priority
RENAME VALUE 'urgent' TO 'very high';Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

The following statement verifies the change:

SELECT enum_range(null::priority);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Output:

          enum_range
-------------------------------
 {low,medium,high,"very high"}
(1 row)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Notice that if the value has a space, PostgreSQL uses quotes to surround it as indicated in the output.

When to use enums

There is some similarity between enums and foreign keys. Both allow you to define a set of values for a column.

However, enums have the following advantages:

Performance: you need to query from a single table instead of using join to retrieve data from two tables.
Simplicity: it’s much simpler to write an SQL statement to work with enum values.

But enums also have the following disadvantages:

Limited flexibility: changing enum values requires changing the database schema instead of adding values to the lookup table.
Portability: not all database systems support enum. If you ever want to migrate your PostgreSQL database schema to a database system that does not support enum, you’ll have an issue.

It is recommended to use enums when you have a fixed set of values that are unlikely to change, for example, RGB colors (red, green, blue).

Summary

Use enums to define a list of fixed values for a table column.
Use the CREATE TYPE statement to define a new enum data type.
The order of values in an enum is the order in which you declare them when defining the enum type.
Use the ALTER TYPE ... ADD VALUE to add a new value to an enum.
Use the ALTER TYPE ... RENAME VALUE to rename an enum value.
Use enum only when you have a small list of fixed values. Otherwise, use a lookup table with foreign keys instead.

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